AI-maintained daily updates on crypto regulations worldwide. Newest first — page 3 of 42.
FATF alignment: Panama is an approved member of the FATF, aligning its AML/CFT standards with global best practices.
Banking in Panama - Wikipedia – Overview of SBP’s regulatory role.
Panama Papers: media attacks on Cameron may have more to do with Brexit than banking – Contextual analysis of financial regulation scrutiny.
Banking in Panama 2026: Open Account, Banco General... | Tolatam – Recent updates on banking practices and capital requirements.
Panama at the Crossroads (Chapter Four. Institutions of the Service Economy II: Free Zone and Banking Center) – Legislative framework details.
Bermuda operates under a robust regulatory framework overseen by the Monetary Authority of Bermuda (MAB), which ensures that financial institutions comply with stringent standards to protect investors and maintain market integrity.
Country update Bermuda securities and banking
Cryptocurrency exchanges and wallet providers may fall under the definition of a financial service provider, requiring registration with the Reserve Bank of New Zealand.
International Standing: Nepal is a member of the Financial Action Task Force (FATF), implying adherence to global AML/CFT standards. However, no dedicated guidance on virtual assets has been issued by the FATF as of 2025, leaving local regulators without clear directives.
Arrests/Cases: No arrests or enforcement cases involving digital asset marketers have been publicly recorded by Nepali authorities.
- claim text Nepal Rastra Bank oversees financial regulation but lacks specific crypto guidance
Nepal Rastra Bank oversees financial regulation but lacks specific crypto guidance
Reserve Bank of Malawi (RBM) Financial Intelligence Unit (FIU) Overview
Regulatory Body: Reserve Bank of New Zealand (RBNZ) – https://www.rbnz.govt.nz/
Date & Status: The FMA Act was enacted in 2013 and remains current; the digital‑asset sandbox provision is operational as of 2025.
No Specific Guidance for Stablecoins: The RBNZ has not issued explicit guidance on the tax treatment of stablecoins; firms must align with existing CGT and income‑tax rules.
Reserve Bank of New Zealand – Digital Asset Sandbox Guidelines: https://www.rbnz.govt.nz/for-professionals/licensing-and-registering-digital-assets
Regulatory sandbox framework for central bank digital currency in the Maldives
The Sultanate of Oman is actively developing a regulatory framework to govern cryptocurrencies and digital assets, aiming to balance innovation with financial stability and consumer protection.
Oman's Central Bank has issued guidelines outlining the treatment of virtual currencies within its jurisdiction, emphasizing compliance with anti-money laundering (AML) and counter-terrorism financing (CFT) regulations.
Central Bank Of Oman - Regulatory Framework
Central Bank Of Oman - AML and CFT
Reserve Bank of New Zealand (RBNZ) – issues guidelines on secure custody of monetary metals and oversees banking institutions that may hold crypto assets. Website: https://www.rbnz.govt.nz
Central Bank of Mongolia: Oversees monetary policy and banking regulation but has not issued specific directives on cryptocurrencies.
Activities Requiring Licensing: No clear legal requirement; digital asset exchanges or wallet providers operate without formal licensing from the Central Bank of Mongolia or FIU.
Cases: No documented enforcement actions specifically targeting cryptocurrency in Malawi as of the latest reports.
As of 2025–2026, no specific enforcement actions have been publicly documented targeting cryptocurrency activities in Nicaragua. Regulatory focus remains on ensuring tax compliance and adherence to AML/CFT standards.
Mali is a FATF member (recognized in 2017) and must comply with FATF Recommendations. However, the FATF has issued “Conditional” status for Mali due to ongoing deficiencies in AML/CFT implementation, urging stricter oversight of emerging financial instruments such as cryptocurrencies.
No specific enforcement actions have been recorded against crypto entities in Mali up to 2026.
International Pressure: FATF’s conditional status and potential future sanctions could force Mali to adopt stricter crypto regulations.
Tax treatment for crypto gains is undefined in Mali’s tax code. Law No. 2014‑10
Mali currently lacks a specific regulatory framework for stablecoins, placing them in a grey area under existing financial regulations.
The absence of a dedicated stablecoin regulation means that stablecoins operate under the broader umbrella of digital asset and cryptocurrency regulations in Mali, which are largely undefined.
There have been no reported enforcement actions specifically targeting stablecoin activities in Mali, reflecting the regulatory vacuum.
The tax classification of stablecoins in Mali is undefined, with no clear guidance on how such assets should be treated for taxation purposes.
Regulatory Uncertainty: The lack of a clear regulatory framework poses significant legal risks for issuers and users of stablecoins in Mali.
Mali Stablecoin Regulation — No Framework/Banned | STRIDE Tracker
The Central Bank of Mongolia has issued warnings regarding the risks associated with cryptocurrencies but has not imposed a ban or specific licensing regime. Mongolia - Licensing Requirements for Professional... | export.gov
Mongolia's financial regulatory framework is primarily governed by the Bank of Mongolia and the Mongolian Ministry of Finance, with regulations focusing on traditional banking activities.
No significant enforcement actions have been reported against cryptocurrency-related activities in Mongolia, reflecting the regulatory uncertainty surrounding these instruments.
Mongolia - Banking Systems | Privacy Shield
Banking and Fintech – Invest Mongolia | Investment and Trade...
Reserve Bank of Malawi (RBM): The central bank responsible for monetary policy and regulation of financial institutions. Website: https://www.rbm.mw/
Reserve Bank of Malawi (RBM): Responsible for monetary policy and financial stability in Malawi. Website: https://www.rbm.mw/
Anti-Money Laundering and Counter-Terrorism Financing (AML/CFT) Regulations: Implemented under the Banking Act, these regulations extend to VASPs, requiring registration and compliance with AML/KYC standards. FATF Status: Malawi is a member of the Financial Action Task Force (FATF), adhering to its recommendations for virtual asset service providers.
Recent Cases: No major enforcement actions have been publicly disclosed; however, regulatory warnings have been issued to unregistered VASPs operating within Malawi.
As of 2025, Malawi has not issued specific tax guidance for virtual assets. Income from cryptocurrency transactions is generally taxed under the general income tax regime, with gains treated as capital gains subject to standard rates.
Reserve Bank of Malawi (RBM): https://www.rbm.mw/
International Standing: Malawi is a member of the AU (African Union) and adheres to FATF recommendations but has not yet published a formal stance on virtual asset service providers (VASPs) within its regulatory framework.
The CBN reserves the right to impose penalties, including fines and suspension of licenses, for non-compliance with sandbox regulations.
Primary Laws: The Marshall Islands adheres to UN Security Council resolutions and other international sanctions regimes without maintaining an autonomous list.
International Standing: The Marshall Islands is aligned with the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) recommendations, implementing UN sanctions as a primary measure.
Cases: No specific enforcement actions against cryptocurrency entities have been publicly reported in the Marshall Islands as of 2025–2026.
Understanding sanctions | Marshall Islands | Norton Rose Fulbright
Guide to Marshall Islands' Sanctions List — Castellum.AI
Marshall Islands | Global Sanctions
Castellum.AI Marshall Islands Sanctions Guide Global Sanctions Index
Marshall Islands Sanctions Guide — Castellum.AI Sanctions & PEPs Screening
Marshall Islands | Global Sanctions Sanctions & PEPs Adverse Media Shelf Companies
Arrests and Cases: No documented arrests or enforcement cases related to digital assets in Myanmar as of 2025-2026.
Crypto Gains Taxation: No specific tax guidance has been issued for virtual assets by the Myanmar government. Income tax or capital gains tax implications remain undefined.
Key Gaps & Risks: No specific laws or licenses for cryptocurrencies; AML/KYC, tax treatment, and cross-border operations remain undefined, posing significant risks for businesses and investors. Myanmar National PortalChallenging hydropower development in Myanmar (Burma): cross-border activism under a regime in transition
Central Bank of Malawi (CBM) – oversees banking and payment systems; website: https://cbm.org.mw/
Regulatory Gap: The absence of a specific regulatory framework for stablecoins creates uncertainty for market participants, as highlighted by the STRIDE Tracker's assessment of Mali's regulatory landscape Stablecoin & Digital Asset Regulations in Mali — Compliance....
Key gaps include limited public information on enforcement actions and the specific tax treatment of digital assets. Risks involve regulatory uncertainties and potential vulnerabilities in AML/KYC compliance frameworks, which could be exploited by bad actors. How to Do Overseas Banking in Marshall Islands | Jetonbank
Marshall Islands Banking Licence – Valsen Corporate
Open Banking in Marshall Islands
Marshall Islands — Payment Systems, Banking & Transfers
How to Do Overseas Banking in Marshall Islands | Jetonbank
The Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI) has implemented a framework to regulate cryptocurrencies and digital assets, aiming to balance innovation with financial stability and compliance with international standards.
FMA Enforcement Report Q2 2023: Details recent penalties imposed on a local exchange for inadequate AML/KYC practices, emphasizing the importance of timely regulatory adjustments.
FMA Q2 2023 Enforcement Report
Mali AML & Sanctions Compliance Guide 2025 · ANQA Compliance
FATF/Moneyval Status – Mali is listed as a “non‑FATF‑aligned jurisdiction,” indicating no specific recommendations for crypto AML/CTF measures have been implemented or enforced.
No entities have been licensed to operate as cryptocurrency exchanges or wallet providers in Mali. Sanctions Programs and Country Information | Office of Foreign Assets Control
FATF has not recommended any specific measures for Mali concerning digital currencies. Sanctions Programs and Country Information | Office of Foreign Assets Control
Central Bank of the Maldives (CBM) – Website: https://www.cbm.gov.mv
No specific tax guidance for virtual assets is issued by San Marino authorities as of October 2 2026. General income or capital gains tax principles may apply, but clarification from the treasury or finance authority is required.
Regulatory Bodies: The Central Bank of Libya (CBL) is the principal authority responsible for financial stability and payment systems.
Arrests/Cases: No enforcement actions taken against stablecoin or digital asset providers in Libya.
Libya currently has no comprehensive regulatory framework for stablecoins and digital assets as of October 2025, with the Central Bank of Libya (CBL) overseeing financial stability but lacking explicit guidance on crypto-assets. FintechPolicies
The GENIUS Act, enacted in July 2025, influences global regulatory trends that Libya is expected to monitor. KPMG
The Central Bank of Libya (CBL) is the primary authority responsible for financial stability and payment systems, though specific regulations on stablecoins are absent. FintechPolicies
No fines, arrests, or enforcement actions have been reported against crypto operators in Moldova as of 2025–2026. The Energy Sandbox has focused solely on energy‑sector pilots, leaving cryptocurrency activities outside its jurisdictional scope.
The Central Bank of Libya (CBL) has taken steps to regulate cryptocurrency and digital assets within the banking sector, aiming to mitigate risks while fostering innovation.
The Role of the Audit Committee as a Corporate Governance Mechanism: The Case of the Banking Sector in Libya
The Central Bank of Libya - The Central Bank of Libya
Commercial Banks - The Central Bank of Libya
Mali has begun to develop a regulatory framework for cryptocurrencies and digital assets, focusing on compliance with international AML/KYC standards and tax obligations.
Entities seeking to operate in Mali's cryptocurrency market must obtain a license from the Central Bank of West African States (BCEAO), emphasizing the need for robust AML/KYC procedures.
Digital Asset Service Providers (DASPs): DASP operators, including wallets and payment processors, are required to register with the FIU and comply with operational transparency requirements. Guide to Montenegro's Sanctions List — Castellum.AI
Sanctions Enforcement: Entities found to be facilitating transactions with sanctioned persons face immediate license suspension and potential asset freezes. Sanctions against Montenegro. Infographics
Guide to Montenegro's Sanctions List — Castellum.AI
Sanctions against Montenegro. Infographics
20% tax rate on trading income translates to approximately $0.02 per $1 of revenue in USD terms, based on current exchange rates sourced from the People's Bank of China as of October 2023.
Central Bank of Grenada (CBG): Responsible for overseeing payment systems, e-money issuance, and currency stability; expanding mandate to supervise digital asset activities.
As of October 2025, no stablecoin or VASP licenses have been issued in Grenada. The practical reality indicates that entities may operate under informal compliance frameworks pending formal rules.
Politically Exposed Persons (PEP) Screening: Mandatory screening against UN, US, and EU sanctions lists.
National Bank of Georgia (NBG): Responsible for licensing and supervising banks in Georgia. Website: https://nbg.gov.ge/en
Organic Law "On the National Bank of Georgia" (No. 552-XII, adopted in 1993): Grants NBG its regulatory authority.
The National Bank of Georgia for Financial Stability
Securing a Banking License in Georgia: Legal Frameworks and Regulatory Approval
A minimum capital requirement of 50 million GEL is mandated for obtaining a banking license. Securing a Banking License in Georgia: Legal Frameworks and Regulatory Approval
No specific licenses are issued exclusively for cryptocurrency or digital asset activities; general banking licenses apply. Securing a Banking License in Georgia: Legal Frameworks and Regulatory Approval
Central Bank of Georgia – oversees monetary policy and banking activities; has issued guidance on virtual asset service providers (VASPs).
Regulation of the Central Bank of Georgia “On Virtual Asset Service Providers (VASPs)” – adopted in March 2023; references FATF standards but does not grant a specific license type for crypto exchanges.
Central Bank of Georgia – Regulation on VASPs (2023)
National Bureau of Enforcement (NBE): Responsible for enforcing general laws across Georgia.
National Bank of Georgia (NBG): Oversees financial sector compliance, including indirect oversight of crypto-related activities via existing financial regulations.
Law of Georgia on Enforcement Proceedings (1999): Governs enforcement across judicial and administrative acts, including those related to financial offenses. Source
National Bank of Georgia Competition Policy: Addresses market manipulation and unfair practices that could affect crypto trading platforms. Source
National Bank of Georgia (NBank) – Responsible for financial regulation and compliance with external sanctions. Website: nbg.gov.ge
UN Sanctions Compliance – Georgia implements United Nations sanctions. Source: GlobalSanctions.com/Region/Gorgia
No autonomous sanctions list; relies on international regimes. Source: Castellum.AI/Georgia-Sanctions-Guide
Georgia risks becoming Russian sanctions-evasion haven
Guide to Georgia's Sanctions List — Castellum.AI
Western sanctions will deepen divide with Georgia
No specific licensing regime for cryptocurrency businesses exists in Georgia as of 2025-2026.
National Bank of Georgia (NGB) – https://nbg.gov.ge/en/page/regulatory-laboratory
Who regulates? The National Bank of Georgia (NGB).
National Bank of Georgia (NBG) – Regulates VASPs and enforces AML/CFT standards.
Tax Code of Georgia (Section I General Provisions): Defines taxable income sources and exemptions for non-Georgian sourced income.
claim Cryptocurrency activities in Georgia are regulated by the National Bank of Georgia (NBG) through a VASP registration regime established on 1 January 2023. Crypto Licence In Georgia 2026 — NBG VASP Registration
Bank of Ghana (BoG): Responsible for licensing and supervising financial institutions, including fintech entities. Website: https://www.bog.gov.gh
Banking Act, 2004 (Act 928 of 2003, amended by Act 96 of 2012): Governs the licensing and regulation of banking institutions in Ghana.
Banking Regulatory and Market Framework in Ghana
Fintech Innovation Office – Bank of Ghana
Bank of Ghana (BoG): Central bank and primary financial regulator overseeing banking, payment systems, and monetary policy.
Ghana Interbank Payment and Settlement Systems Limited (GhIPSS): Manages Ghana’s real-time payment system (Instant Pay) under BoG authority.
Bank of Ghana Act, 2002 (Act 715): Governs the establishment, functions, and powers of the BoG.
Cryptocurrency Exchanges: Classified as money service businesses (MSBs) by BoG; require registration with the Bank of Ghana as an MSB.
No explicit guidance on the taxation of virtual assets was issued by the Ghana Revenue Authority before mid-2026, leading to indirect application through existing tax provisions.
Bank of Ghana (BoG): The central bank responsible for regulating banking and non-banking financial institutions in Ghana. Website: https://www.bofghana.com
Banking Act, 2004 (Act 715): Governs the establishment, licensing, and operation of banks in Ghana, which implicitly covers crypto custody services under existing banking licenses.
Bank of Ghana (BoG) – the central bank overseeing monetary policy, financial stability, and payment systems.
Bank of Ghana Act, 2002 (Act 665) – provides the central bank’s regulatory authority over financial institutions.
Application process: Submit an application to the Bank of Ghana, including operational plans, risk management frameworks, and AML/CTF compliance measures.
Bank of Ghana Act, 2002 (Act 665)
- Bank of Ghana outlines licensing requirements for Electronic Money Institutions BoG Licensing Guidelines
No specific tax guidance on virtual assets exists as of 2025; however, income derived from crypto transactions may be subject to general income tax rules. The Ghana Revenue Authority (GRA) has not issued dedicated regulations for crypto gains.
Bank of Ghana Virtual Assets Regulations 2022
Crypto activities in Ghana are overseen by the BoG under Virtual Assets and Virtual Asset Service Providers Regulations, 2022 Bank of Ghana Virtual Assets Regulations 2022.
No monetary thresholds are defined in the VAsR, yet AML/CTF compliance is compulsory Bank of Ghana Virtual Assets Regulations 2022.
The BoG imposed a GHS 50,000 fine on Balken Energy Ghana Limited for operating without a license and lacking AML measures Fine against VASP.
As of early 2025, no VASPs have been licensed by the BoG Bank of Ghana Virtual Assets Regulations 2022.
Bank of Ghana (BoG): Regulates banking, payments, and financial services in Ghana. Website: https://www.bog.gov.gh/
DHS Announces Implementation of Visa Sanctions on Ghana
A 'Kimberley protest': Diamond mining, export sanctions, and poverty in Akwatia, Ghana
Guide to Ghana's Sanctions List — Castellum.AI
Tax sanctions, tax reform factors, and SME compliance in Ghana
Bank of Ghana (BoG) – Primary regulator for financial institutions and digital asset activities. Website: https://www.bog.gov.gh
The Bank of Ghana Act, 2002 (Act 665) governs the BoG's mandate to regulate banking and financial institutions.
The sandbox pilot did not specify capital thresholds; however, typical banking licenses under the Bank of Ghana Act require minimum paid-up capital (e.g., GHS 50 million for commercial banks).
Press Release – Bank of Ghana Sandbox Pilot – Bank of Ghana
Regulatory Stance on Cryptocurrencies: Gibraltar has positioned itself as a favorable jurisdiction for cryptocurrency businesses, offering a clear regulatory framework that supports innovation while ensuring consumer protection and financial stability. The Government of Gibraltar recognizes cryptocurrencies as legal property, providing clarity for market participants.
No enforcement actions have been reported specifically targeting cryptocurrency activities in Guatemala.
Bank of Guyana: Central bank responsible for monetary policy and oversight of commercial banks.
Exited FATF International Cooperation Review Group in October 2016 after addressing deficiencies (Citation: Guyana - Banking Systems | export.gov).
Guyana - Banking Systems | export.gov
Citizens Bank Guyana | Online Banking Made Easy
Penalties, Fines, Arrests, Cases: No documented enforcement actions related to cryptocurrency or digital asset marketing activities within Guyana as of the latest available data (2025–2026).
No AML/KYC requirements are defined by law for digital asset activities in Guyana. Polygon - Guyana’s #1 Digital Marketing & Advertising Agency
Honduras - Banking Systems | Privacy Shield
Central Bank of Honduras (Banco de la Unión Centroamericana - BUC): Manages monetary policy, supervises banks, and oversees digital asset activities within the sandbox framework.
Law on Financial Services (Ley sobre Servicios Financieros), 2018: Establishes the regulatory framework for financial services in Honduras, including provisions for digital assets under a pending amendment.
Regulatory Sandbox Framework – Bank of Ghana
Central Bank of Honduras (BUC) Website
No specific monetary thresholds have been published for crypto-related licensing; however, under the Money Transmission Act, MSBs must maintain sufficient capital to ensure solvency. Exact amounts are determined by CBI assessment but generally require robust liquidity buffers.
Iceland - Banking Systems | export.gov
Central Banking Legislation Volume 2 (ICELAND)
Cryptocurrencies are legal in Iceland, but specific licensing for digital asset banking is pending. Iceland - Banking Systems | export.gov
Taxation on cryptocurrency gains is treated as capital gains under Icelandic income tax laws. Iceland - Banking Systems | export.gov
Crypto Assets: Italian and Cross-Border Tax Regulatory Framework. Proceedings Innsbruck's University Conference: "International Taxation – With Special Consideration of Cryptocurrencies" - May 2023
Clearstream has resumed custody services in Iceland, but no Icelandic-specific licenses have been issued solely for cryptocurrency custody. Licensing decisions are case-by-case based on IFSA's assessment.
Supreme Court Confirms Custody of Iceland Bankers
Iceland has reactivated comprehensive digital asset custody services via Clearstream, linking directly to the Icelandic CSD and Central Bank Clearstream reinstates custody and tax services for clients in Iceland.
Central Bank of Iceland – Oversees monetary policy and payment systems.
Failure to comply with these regulations can result in penalties, including fines and potential criminal liability. Iceland Revenue and Customs | Skatturinn - skattar og gjöld
Central Bank of Liberia (CBL) | Monetary & Banking Regulator
Liberia Anti-Money Laundering and Countering the Financing of Terrorism Act (AML/CFT) (2015 amendment)
Penalties: No specific crypto penalties; enforcement under 2010 Investment Act and AML/CFT laws (see Liberia Drug Enforcement Agency for general enforcement mechanisms).
Liberia Drug Enforcement Agency: https://ldea.gov.lr/index.php
Compliance & Enforcement – Liberia Environmental Protection Agency: https://epa.gov.lr/laws-regulations/compliance-enforcement/
Enforcement of Intellectual Property Rights in Africa (Liberia): https://academic.oup.com/book/41323/chapter/352286906
Liberia Drug Regulators, Enforcement Agency Unite... - allAfrica.com: https://allafrica.com/stories/202504230230.html